A Peoples History of the United Zinn A Kind of Revolution Essays

A Peoples History of the United Zinn A Kind of Revolution Essays A Peoples History of the United Zinn A Kind of Revolution Essay A Peoples History of the United Zinn A Kind of Revolution Essay Alana Martin October 18, 2010 APUS-3 Strong â€Å"A Kind of Revolution† If one were to look back on most of the tales of the American Revolution, they would see stories of full of patriotic heroes and colonists risking their lives for their country. Zinn on the other hand realizes that these stories are too good to be true and exposes the truth of the American Revolution. The fighters in the American Revolution all had purposes behind their gunshots, however very few of them were for independence. John Adams broke the colonists into thirds in their viewpoint of the war, one third in approval, one apposing, and the other neutral. However this did not include every single person, in what would later be known as the Unite States, at the time because Indians, free slaves, white servants and free poor white men were not approved to fight. Only in the most desperate times were the poor white men called in to battle. Even then the colonists were not all fighting for the same reasons. Howard Zinn recognizes that patriotism was not sweeping the nation rather peoples own self agenda. While the struggle between upper and lower classes was still occurring in the colonies, the lower classes were given an incentive to fight due to the possibility of being able to climb the social ladder. People were risking their lives not for the benefit of their country, but for themselves. Also Zinn points out that the great unity between all the colonists didn’t exists. Rarely were upper class citizens rushing to the battle fronts, they sat back comfortably as the lower classes worked to achieve that kind of comfort for themselves. The beginning battles were not won by the colonists, but the smaller and more essential ones were which eventually lead to the defeat of the British. In the end the upper classes push on the lower classes to join the war and even going so far as jailing those who did not fulfill their military duty paid off with their victory. The victory looks great in the textbooks, but Zinn points out it did not bring what most colonists believed they were fighting for. Although equality was promised, it wasn’t really true equality. Slaves were nowhere near equal o the upper class and the class structure that already exists didn’t change radically. Even farmers who were promised land for their military services I not receive what they expected on the other side. In addition the now free colonists were hungry for land and took this as their opportunity to seize all Indian land and never look back. Blacks also struggled to make their way in a white society while the whites struggled to get what they believed they deserved from this new government that they fought so hard to create. Howard Zinn exposes the American Revolution for what it was and not what it appeared to be. While it may seem that the colonists were fully united as one, each individual seemed to have their own reasons for why they actually fought the war for independence. Even after the war concluded, life did not result in what was promised and everyone seemed to be working at fighting just as hard as they were before the war. This story of the American Revolution may not be as glamorous but it is the undying truth.

Reflexology Essay Example

Reflexology Essay Example Reflexology Essay Reflexology Essay Reflexology, or zone therapy is an alternative medicine involving the physical act of applying pressure to the feet, hands, or ears with specific thumb, finger, and hand techniques without the use of oil or lotion. It is based on what reflexologists claim to be a system of zones and reflex areas that they say reflect an image of the body on the feet and hands, with the premise that such work effects a physical change to the body. [1] A 2009 systematic review of randomised controlled trials concludes that The best evidence available to date does not demonstrate convincingly that reflexology is an effective treatment for any medical condition. [2] The Reflexology Association of Canada defines reflexology as: A natural healing art based on the principle that there are reflexes in the feet, hands and ears and their referral areas within zone related areas, which correspond to every part, gland and organ of the body. Through application of pressure on these reflexes without the use of too ls, cremes or lotions, the feet being the primary area of application, reflexology relieves tension, improves circulation and helps promote the natural function of the related areas of the body. [3] There is no consensus among reflexologists on how reflexology is supposed to work; a unifying theme is the idea that areas on the foot correspond to areas of the body, and that by manipulating these one can improve health through ones qi. [4] Reflexologists divide the body into ten equal vertical zones, five on the right and five on the left. [5] Concerns have been raised by medical professionals that treating potentially serious illnesses with reflexology, which has no proven efficacy, could delay the seeking of appropriate medical treatment

Common law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Common law - Case Study Example Further, it is the concern of Stahl and Mendenhall (2005) that strategic and financial goals are too often emphasised in business, whilst the psychological, cultural and human resource implications are not fully recognized. A company that recognises and includes its employees in the decision-making process will enjoy increasing success in the long run. It is the long-term goals that matter the most. Organisational development (OD) is a planned organisation-wide approach to improving effectiveness, utilising humanistic values and beliefs about the potential to grow and a willingness to make changes. Work was once considered a mechanistic and rational process, but, over time, research has indicated that organisations are not as rational as the public has perceived them to be. OD is informed by a set of humanistic values and beliefs about the potential of people and organisations to develop and grow. Effectiveness is influenced by relationships, and understanding interdependencies within the work system is critical because change in one place will have an effect elsewhere (Opening Up OD, 2004). There are two ways to develop a business: in terms of structure and in terms of staff selection. Structure is the method used to set up the business from a mechanical and linear viewpoint. It offers a working outline from leadership to individual performance, as set forth in the Burke-Litwin model below (Using, 2006). However, a company that offers incentives for employees will find it much easier to capture the market share in the long run. In this respect, the McKinsey 7-S Framework appears to offer a more interconnected method of organisation (Famous Models 2006). Both of these systems have initiated criticism, but where people are involved, although a rigid framework might appear to bring about positive results, it leaves no room for compromise and is doomed to failure over time. Models of Performance Retrieved from http://www.roffeypark.com/articles/onearticler.php'article_id=169 It should be noted in the Burke-Litwin Model above that although the chart appears to be linear, the use of it in this case is more interactive and circular. The response from employees at AAH Pharmaceuticals in the UK to a questionnaire conducted by an outside company, Roffey Park, garnered an 86% response. The model allowed an analysis of organisational dynamics, and the findings were fed back to employees in a newsletter, completing the circle (Using, 2006). This is one indication of how the Burke-Litwin Model can be used, but unless its structure is flexible, it could bring about a less than satisfactory result. The Seven S Framework below appeared in The Art of Japanese Management by Richard Pascale and Anthony Athos in 1981, at a time when Japan was at the top of the global economic field. It became a basic tool for the McKinsey Consultancy and is called the McKinsey 7S Model. Whilst the Burke-Litwin Model studies activities, the 7S Model observes people. Chimaera Consulting offers their interpretation of the model (n.d.): Retrieved from http://www.chimaeraconsulting.com/7s_model.htm Strategy A set of actions

The European Intermodal Transport Operations Term Paper

The European Intermodal Transport Operations - Term Paper Example There are different types of shipping operations that include longterm charters, spot charters operations, and liner operations. Long term charters operations require that the shipowner knows the type of cargo to handle as well as the port that should be used for that purpose. Spot charter is an operation where an owner of a ship has a general idea of where the ship should be situated but does not have any knowledge about the type of goods to be used for the port. Liner operation states that the owner of a ship should have knowledge of the port or volumes of cargo to be used but the venue of the operation may change from one period to another. The shipping companies may approach the business by taking into account several issues such as the purchasing of vessels that are highly flexible, those that serve several markets and reduce the rate of risk from occurring. In addition, this may prompt an owner of a ship to use expensive open hold bulk carrier that handles containers as well as dry bulk cargo. Other ship owners may prefer to use ships that are designed for specific purposes, therefore more efficient and incur less operating cost during their operations. This system is used to create opportunities for its customers by availing the products to the market at the appropriate time and place. It is an information technology tool that is used for ensuring that there is efficient management and management of intermodal door to door transport operations using scientific tools such as logistic and communication systems appropriate for the organization. It was established so that it could help in the reduction of congestion as it was witnessed in the road network. The businessmen in the shipping industry opted to have the following factors into place so as to carry out their activities profitably.The factors include higher reliability, lower prices, more flexibility and quality service levels for the customers.

An entrepreneurial viewpoint ( F ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An entrepreneurial viewpoint ( F ) - Essay Example Since I am a normal human I used intuition to execute decisions daily, however, as noted Flora (2007:68) this can lead to risk blindness and complacency. Besides, I came to learn that I could clearly utilize rule based reasoning which is characterized to being logical, deliberate, and being used to justify to other persons what needs to be done. Since I was a risk taker I did not experience problems with lateral thinking. This is because I had the capability to solve problems by means of indirect and creative approach, by making use of reasoning that is not directly obvious and incorporating ideas that may not be obtainable when using only traditional step-by-step logic. Flora (2007) asserts that a view shared by de Bono asserts that lateral thinking on purposefully distances itself from standard perceptions of creativity as either vertical logic or horizontal imagination. What I have learnt about myself is that since I exhibit appropriate entrepreneurial attributes. I am better suit ed to working in a conventionally structured organization, with conventional management

Video summarization techniques

Video summarization techniques 1. INTRODUCTION Recently, the number of videos has been increased and the ability of individuals to capture or/and create digital video has been grown at the same time. So there is a growing need for video summarization. Video summarization refers to a summary creation of a video where is has to address three main beliefs. First, the video summary should contain the most important scenes and events from the video but it should be as short as possible. For example, in soccer game, the summary must contain goals, fouls, scuffles, and some other important scenes. Second, the video summary should show a good continuous connection among scenes. It means that the video summary should not show video segments concatenated together in a blindly way. Finally, the video summary should not contain any redundancy. In other words, the video summary should have a free repetition. However, it is kind of difficult to achieve that. For instant, it is very common that goals in soccer game be replayed many times during the match which makes it really difficult to distinct between the goal and the reply of that goal. As a result, the redundancy will be there for each time the goal been replayed. Video summarization is considered one of the most important features which it makes the search away easier and useful than before. Also, video summarization is a very important tool where people can use it to get the main idea and the important scenes without watching the full original video. For example, in any companies which use surveillance video to secure their building, they wish that they can see only the important events that happened there. So, in order to achieve that video summarization is the only solution. Also, some of the large movie databases such as Internet Movie Database (IMDb) and movie sellers want to have software that can summarize the movies automatically. As a result, companies can save time and afford by using video summarization. There are many techniques that have been used recently for video summarization. In this paper, I will address some of most interesting techniques and methods. These techniques are used to summarize video based on camera motion, meeting recording, sports video, surveillance, and presentation. 2. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION BY USING CAMERA MOTION Video summarization based on many methods and one of these methods is based on camera motion. In [1], there are two methods have been addressed for video summarization. The first method is to give an explanation for making summary for a given video and the second method is to evaluate that video summary by comparing it with other video summary. In other words, they are trying to create a good video summary by evaluating the result based on camera motion. Also in [1], there are three different families have been proposed a video summarization based on camera motion. In [1], the first family divides the video instead of selecting the keyframes by using camera motion. In [2], the moving objects have been detected by using the camera motion. Therefore, the video summary will be built according to this detection. For example, the illustration of detecting the moving objects is shown in 1. The images on the left are two shots where the object has been marked and on the right side there is a made up background image. There are two modules for object recognition. The first one is segmentation module and the second one is classification module. The process of object recognition is shown in 2. In [3], authors used camera motion to divide the shots into segments and the selecting of keyframes has been done under 4 different measures. This system called video snapshot. The system Architecture of this technique is shown in 3. There are six steps to create a video snapshot as follow: 1) Clustering the connection between sub-shots which are decomposed of the video. 2) Detecting the current scenes according to the relationship of the clustering that has been done in the first step. 3) Sorting out the sun-shots which are not important to make the number of them is equal or less than the given grid cell number. 4) The grids cells are allocated to dissimilar scenes based on the key events number in each topical scene that has been detected in the second step. 5) In a respectively way, the keyframes sub-shots in each scene are lined up from top to bottom and from left to right in the area that has been assigned to scenes. 6) Besides the black background and the rectangle border box, to guide browsing and enhance visual orderliness, the vertical and the horizontal splitting lines are added to the boundaries of scenes [3]. In [4], based on camera motion, shots has been segmented and after that MPEG motion vectors which has the objects and camera motion has been used to identify the motion of each frame and select the keyframes. However, this technique is used more to segment the video than to summarize the video. Authors proposed a method called InsightVideo which is a system where it analysis and retrieves the video. The system flow for InsightVidoe is shown in 4. InsightVideo system has three divisions. The first one is video feature extracting. The second division is hierarchal video content table. The last division is progressive video content access. In [1], the second family is focusing on the existing of motion or not. In [5], the shots have been selected first, then find out whether there is a camera motion or not. On one hand, if there is a camera motion, then the shots are represented by three keyframes. On the other hand, if there is no camera motion, then the shots are represented by one keyframe. In [6], the video summary method used both camera motion and object motion. So in order to get the video dynamic features, authors designed a method to select the segments that contain large motions. The segments with a camera motion provide keyframes which are added to the summary; nevertheless these approaches are based on simple consideration which exploit little information contributed by camera motion [7]. In [1], the last family tries to find the similarity between frames and then choosing keyframes according to that similarity. In [8], by calculating the distance between two frames, the similarity has been computed. Therefore, if the distance between two frames is small, it means that they are close to each other in term of content and a few keyframes are selected. The calculating of the similarity between two frames is shown in 5. In [9], it has the same idea of [8] where Fauvet et al determine from the estimation of the dominant motion, the areas between two successive frames which are lost or appear. Then, a cumulative function of surfaces which appear between the first frame of the shot and the current frame is used to determine the keyframes. In [1], a new method has been addressed for video summarization which is based on camera motion and /or on static camera. Camera motion as authors believe is really important because it carries a lot of interesting information. For instance, to catch the viewers awareness, a zoom in is one of the ways that makes it achievable. Also, a change of location can be shown when there is a translation. As a result, the features of the camera motion have been used to select the keyframes. Indeed, the method has an advantage where it avoids a straight contrast among frames and the classification of camera motion is the only one that is based on. There are two principles that the video summary works based on camera motion. The first principle is the recognition of camera motion. In [1], camera motion detection is based on the recognition of translation, zoom and static camera. The structural design of the system, which is illustrated in 6, has three phases. The first phase is the extraction of motion parameter which by the model of an affine parametric, it focuses in the estimating of the main motion between two frames in a row. The second phase is consisting of three different stages which called the classification of camera motion. In [1], the first stage of the second phase is to change the model of the motion parameters into values which are symbolic. The second stage is to separate the static frames from the dynamic frames. The last stage is to integrate the dynamic frames temporally. Finally, the third phase is to find out the features by extracting on each segment of the video. In [1], the second principle of summarizing method that is based on camera motion is selecting the keyframes according to camera motions. Moreover, there are three ways to select the keyframes. The first way is to select the keyframes according to the sequence of camera motions as shown in 7. For example,if there are two segments and none of them is static, the first frame of each segment will be selected. However, if there is a static segment, then the first and the end of the motion segment will be selected. The second way to select keyframes is according to camera motion magnitude as illustrated in 8. For example, if there is one segment and that segment is translation and it has low magnitude, then the last frame of the segment will be selected. in other case if the segment has high magnitude and rectilinear translation, then the first and the last frame will be selected. Also, if a high magnitude and no rectilinear translation have been found in the segment, then the first, middle, and last frame will be selected. Moreover, if there is a zoom segment and it has a low magnitude, then the last frame of that segment will be selected. But if the zoom segment has high magnitude, then the first and the last frame will be selected. Finally, the last way is to select the keyframes according to both succession and magnitude of camera motion as shown in 9. In other words, it is simply combining the first and the second ways to one way. 3. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNEQUE USED FOR MEETING RECORDINGS. In [12], taking a video for a meeting is really important instead of just writing it down in a document. There are many leaks for the information that has been transformed into a written document. It takes a long time to write it down in a document and it loses the accuracy of the information. Also, since it is only a written document, it loses the presence reaction during the meeting. Moreover, it may not cover everything that occurs there, so there might be leaks in the completeness of the meeting for any reason. Therefore, video summarization is really useful for meeting recording and there are many proposed method to achieve that. In [10], a multimodal meeting summarization method has been explained and this method includes audio, visual, and speech transcriptions. Also, in this method authors proposed a measure where it can localize the sound and the scale of the audio signal. The illustration of this method according to the localization of the sound, the output of audio activit ies and the transcriptions of speech is shown in 10. Moreover, this method can detect the relations between the presence and the contributor according to the loud speech. In [10], visual activities also have been analyzed in order to get a specific event in a video sequence. There is not that much motion in the video sequence for any meeting. For example, when a contributor tries to make a presentation or when people tries to join the meeting. In 11, shows some high motions that occur in a video of a meeting. In [10], the text has been analyzed based on the language analysis techniques in this method. This method computed the Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF). In [16], the Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) is a well known term which specify in a document, the words that relatively important. In [11], the method that has been used in this paper is really useful only for video browsing and searching by keyframes based representation. In [12], author has proposed a summarization technique for any meeting content by skimming the video with the aspect of user-determine length. In 12, the method of any meeting processing is illustrated. The files of audio have been sent to the detection of speech and the brows meeting by the program recorder that includes the identify speaker module. Then, the displayed result has sent by three modules with their data from the brows of meeting front end and the three modules are summarization, emotion and discourse. Finally, the archive of the meeting has accessed. In [13], the method that has been used in this paper is an automatic method that can create video skimming for different types of video such as presentation video which is kind of similar to meeting recording video. The illustrated of this method process is shown in 13. There are two steps that create a summarization process. The first step is dividing the video into segments, then some features such as visual, audio, and textual are putting together from the extraction of stream video to assign the scores by using segments. The second step is to collect the segments and then the summary will be created. In [14], instead of playing the content faster, authors created techniques that can save the time by deleting parts of the content. As a result, the summary of this technique can be away shorter than others techniques. In [15], in this paper, authors found out that the analysis of the audio that came together with the analysis of visual is a way better than the skims that comes when they combined the analysis of the audio and uniform sampling. This result came out after authors compared the skimming of a video in three different techniques. The first one is the analysis of the audio according to the amplitude of audio and the analysis of the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF). The second technique is the analysis of the audio which comes together with the analysis of the image according to face detection, text detection, and camera motion. The last technique is video sequences based on uniform sampling. In 14, the illustration of video skim process is shown. 4. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES USED FOR SPORTS VIDEO. In [17], sports videos have been increasing recently and by video summarization process, people can control this increasing. There are many researchers have been proposed many techniques to compress sports video by applying video summarization process. In [17], authors have proposed a technique that can suit all different kind of users and applications and they called this technique complete sports videos summarization. In 15, the illustration of the hierarchy of sports video based on plays, breaks, and highlights. The framework of this technique is a combination of plays, breaks, collection of highlights and highlights as it is shown in 15. The definition of each part of the framework is as follow: 1) Play is a collection of shots where the play does not stop. 2) Break is also a collection of shots but play does not run. 3) Collection of highlights is a group of highlights. 4) Highlight is a collection of shots but they represent events. In [17], play-break sequence model is shown in 16 which is considered as a fix model for any sports. In [17], authors described the summarization technique of sports video with a method that can integrate highlights into play-breaks. So, in order to achieve that, we need to know which highlight integrates to whether play or break. For example, in soccer game, if there is a foul then the play will stop and then there will be an old highlight playing during the foul and before the play resumes. In 17, the illustration of the integration in soccer game of highlight into play-break is shown. However, this model is easy to be modified for any other sport so it is not only suitable for soccer. In [17], there are three different detection models. The first one is play-break detection and in this detection the camera views classification can be used to detect the play-break transitions. The second model is highlights detection and in this model the detection of highlights is based on the slow-motion replay scenes. The advantage of this way is that slow-motion replay is used to represent any interesting scene. However, the disadvantage of this way is that sometimes there will be no slow-motion replay for some reason after interesting scenes. As a result, we will miss that event and some interesting events will be ignored. Finally, the last model is text detection. During any sport, there will be after any interesting events a text displayed on the screen so this model is specialize to detect this text. For most sports videos, the text that displayed will be in a horizontal way. So authors used this idea to detect the text displayed. However, if the text is not displayed in a horizontal way, then their technique will not work. In [18], a content-based video summarization technique for large archives in video sports has been proposed by the authors. Also, authors used metadata which is the content, quality, condition, and semantic information that have been explained by the data. In 18, the metadata composition has been illustrated. There are five different parts of information for each scene unit type, classification, players, events, and the time of media. In [18], authors have proposed a technique that makes a summary by using metadata which is based on play scenes ranking. This method has two main parts. The first part is the selection of play scene which is consists of two sections, play scenes significance and the highlights selection. Play scenes significance based on three components, the ranks play, the occurrence time of play, and the replays number. The second section is highlights selection where authors explained the creation of a video summary according to the play scenes significance. The se cond part of that method is visualization. There are two types of visualization. First, video clip where the user can select the length of the video summary based on the time that user want. Two methods are proposed by the authors to choose the significance play scenes, greedy method and play-cut method. The second part of visualization is the poster of the video where authors proposed a system that is visually spatial and presents keyframes of the image. Each image keyframes can symbolize a scene in the summary. Authors illustrate their system interface in 19. In 19.a, in each row there are important scenes represented by keyframes. In 19.b, in each row symbolize an inning of the game. In 19.c, at-bats are symbolized in each row. In 19.d, plays are represented in each row. In [19], extracting highlights method has been proposed by the author for a sport TV broadcast. The approach of domain specific and generic for this method has been illustrated in 20. Author models the excitement according to his approach in [20] where he model the effect of three low level characteristics on the excitement for the users. The first characteristic is the overall motion activity measured at frame transition [20]. The second characteristic is the density of cuts [20]. And the last characteristic is the energy contained in the audio track of a video [20]. The time curves of the three characteristics on the excitement are shown in 21. In [21], authors have proposed sports video technique where they can combine highlights and play break scenes. Researchers have identified that each type of sports have a typical and predictable temporal structure, recurrent events, consistent features and fixed number of views [22]. In [21], authors said that to create highlights there is one approach is to optimize the visual characteristics based on their use. For example, in [23], authors generated the highlights for a soccer game according to penalty, midfield, in between midfield, corner kick, and shot at goal. On the other hand, in [24], authors generated the highlights of a basketball game according to left- right- fast-break, dunk, and close up shots. In [21], on one hand it is very efficient to summarize the sports video without the breaks scenes because spectators will focus only in the important events. On the other hand, the break scenes sometimes contain some really important events that it will not be displayed in the highlights that do not include break scenes. For instance, during any free kick, teams are trying to put a plan to manage their teams whether they are offensive or defensive. Also, sometimes the most important scenes occur between play scenes and break scenes. In 22, the framework of sports video summarization is illustrated. There are three types of detection that authors proposed, whistle detection, excitement detection, and text displayed detection. In [21], tracking the voice during any sport game is kind of difficult especially when there are noises form human and background. Nevertheless, authors have found that whistle sound is very different than any other sounds and it is very unique. In 23, the whistle spectrogram is shown where authors found out the difference in sound according to HZ. According to the whistle sound, authors have indicated three different situations that the referee will use his whistle during soccer match as follow: 1. The start of the match, the end of the match, and the playing period. 2. When referee stops the playing. 3. When referee resumes the playing. In [25], authors found out that the whistle sound that comes from the referee during the game has a very high frequency and strong spectrum that people can distinct from any other sounds. Also, they found out the range of the whistle sound where it is between the ranges of 3500-4500. In [21], the second type of detection is excitement detection where authors indicated eight candidates that represent the excitement in any games as follow: 1. The loudness of the crowd and the commentator. 2. When the commentator has a high pitch rate. 3. When the commentator has less pauses which means he becomes more talkative. The framework of the excitement detection is illustrated in 24. We can see that in The last type of detection is text display detection where authors proposed a technique in order to achieve the requirement. In [26], authors used the gradient of color image to calculate the complex-values from edge orientation image which is defined to map all edge orientation between 0 and 90 degree and thus distinguishing horizontal, diagonal and vertical lines. Also in [27], authors localized character regions by extracting strong still edges and pixels with a stable intensity for two seconds. However, in [21], authors proposed that according to the method which works with 99% of different cases, the horizontal text is the only one that has been used among all different type of sport. In 25, the illustration of using a horizontal text is shown. The team players names is displayed in 25.a and the score line for the match is displayed in 25.b. Also, In 25.c, the players substitution name is shown. T he static text is displayed of the whole game is shown in 25.c. In [21], authors proposed prediction method for the text to be displayed in the video and it is illustrated in 26. However, it is not the only possibility for the text to be displayed, there are more events that cannot be detected. In [28], authors have presented a framework for a sport video summarization based on text semantic annotation. A lot of video summarization techniques that are based on sports video have been questioned [29, 30]. In other words, these kinds of techniques are depending on low level characteristics. But semantic level events were generally inferred if special sequences of production level events occur [31]. In [28], authors have indicated three distinguish key characteristics to support their framework as follow: 1. The framework is not fixed for one type of sport and it can be modified to suit other sport. 2. Analysing the text does not ensure text webcasts which is well built. 3. According to the time and the score, events can have different importance. In [32], authors have proposed a technique for sports video summarization based on audio pitch, and energy in order to recognize the excitement of the games. However, in [28], authors presented a framework that can detect events according to play-by-play text webcasts and logic-based technique. There are five models that are connected to the center of this framework system architecture as shown in 27. The first model of this framework is the Graphical User Interface which makes it easy for the user to connect with the centre. The second model is web parser which is in control for analysing HTML and creates plain text, and then it sends it to the third model. The third model is text analyzer which is responsible to detect the semantic events form the plain text as shown in 28. The fourth model is video processing which takes the data whether it is video or audio and retrieves their keyframes. The last model is logic engine which is responsible to choose the important events and put th em in list to be ready for summarize. In [33], author proposed a system in which can detect the event and the text from the HTML parser as shown in 29. 5. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES USED FOR SURVEILLANCE VIDOES. In [34], there are two reasons for people to use video surveillance. The first reason is that it serves to detect events online and alive. The second reason is that people can use it offline and can analysis the video and retrieve any data they want. So for people to go through the entire video is kind of boring and waste of the time. For example, if there is a crime happens then the operator needs to spend too much time viewing the entire video to get all the important scenes. As a result, authors proposed a summarization technique for surveillance videos. This technique is based on skimming the video and they call it adaptive video skimming. The scheme of this adaptive summarization is illustrated in 30. The general structure of this adaptive summarization scheme is illustrated in [34], optical flow estimation is a very important factor that contributes in the adaptive summarization technique. Among consecutive video frames, optical flow estimation in the same pattern calculates t he dislocations of pixels [35, 36]. In [37], authors have proposed a technique for video surveillance that is based on recognition and clustering method in order to create static and dynamic summary. This technique is different than the one proposed in [34] because this technique tries to gather between video skimming and the keyframes that arranged in a cluster in order to achieve faster browsing of the entire video. In [38], there are two different styles for video surveillance summarization technique that have been explained. The first style is doing a summarization services over home network. The second style is doing a summarization services over the internet. In [39], authors have proposed a technique for surveillance video summarization that is based on viewing optimization time, skip framing, and bit rate limitation. In [37], authors developed their algorithm according to a still surveillance video camera that is fixed in one point and never moves. Also, the detection of event has three steps where we can combine them to two main stages. The first stage is that for each frame, the frame different and its energy are measured. The second stage is that the reference frame is refreshed after showing the frames event is found. Also, the three steps for the algorithms are as follow: 1- Difference frame calculation. 2- The energy of the difference frame calculation. 3- Frames selecting based on threshold. in 32, the deference estimation for frame energy is illustrated. In [37], the overview process of event detection and summarization is illustrated in 33. The first row of this (I) is representing a set of frames of the video before the summarization. The second row (II) is representing the interesting events that come from (I) after the analysis. The third row (III) is representing a set of frames in a different set of events. The fourth row (IV) is representing the clusters of keyframes. The last row (V) is representing the final summary after the clustering. In [40], authors have proposed a technique called OVISS (Omnidirectional Video Visualization and Summarization) where it visualizes the contents of video surveillance and creating a summary. There are three features for this proposed system. The first one, video and audio can be analyzed together to detect events. The second feature, the index of temporal-spatio based on event. The third feature, by realizing the temporal and spatial relations with event, it makes the visualization for at-a-glance very easy. The last feature, video summarization is not limited to one area or one event. The OVISS system can be divided to many processing models as follow: 1. Sensing. 2. The analysis of the video. 3. The transformation of an image. 4. The models of visualization and summarization. In 34, we can see the real environment that authors deal with. There are four doors to enter and exit. Also, the OVS signal in the center of the room and there are four areas in this room and they have the same size. In 35, the connection between these four areas according to omnidirectional is illustrated. In [40], there are four types of events, such as, In, move, stay, and out and the explanation for them is as follow: 1- In is representing the time of the object when it show up till the time it closes the door. 2- Move is representing the time of the object when it is moving in the area. 3- Stay is representing the time of the object when it is staying at the same place. 4- Out is representing the time of the object when it is opens the door till the time it gone. In 36, we can see the diagram of the event transition. Also, we can see that authors have added new type of event but actually it is only the initial state before even the event started in the area. In [40], the interface of OVISS is illustrated in 37. We can see the time line and the map of spatial in the top. Also, the sequence of the image is displayed down the system interface. 6. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES USED FOR VIDEO-TAPED PRESENTATIONS. Videos have been increased recently whether at home such as personal video or work and such as meeting and presentation. As a result, researchers are trying to find some techniques that allowed them to summarize these kinds of videos. In section 4, meeting summarization techniques is already described but now we need to talk about summarizing the meeting videos. In [41], there are two types of analyzing the structure and the content of the video. Detection the keyframes and scene breaks are considering the major focus that attracted researchers [42, 43, 44]. In [41], authors proposed a method to summarize the video-taped presentation to constrict the video sequences and the place that they are planning to do their experiments. They want to focus the camera in one location. The camera maybe zooms in or out it depends in the situation. In 38, the sample of web-based interface for video browsing is illustrated [45]. The one that does not have any related semantic explanation is called Nuisance change as it illustrated in 39. For example, when the presenter tries to move one of the slides by using his/her hands or his/her body. However, in [41], authors do not want to include Nuisance changes to their technique or the analysis. The other type does have seman

Media and the Public :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When radio became popular around the forties and fifties, it was the one source of entertainment and news that people could enjoy in the comfort of their own home. In â€Å"Radio Days†, radio was a central part of the lives of the movie’s characters, especially Joe. Today however, radio does not act as the â€Å"hub† of information, like it was depicted in â€Å"Radio Days†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe, played by Seth Green and narrated by Woody Allen, had a miniature obsession with a radio program called â€Å"The Masked Avenger†, and other characters had similar fixations with different radio programs. Today the radio isn’t even considered, when people want entertainment. Television has replaced the format that radio used to have. No longer do people eat dinner and then gather in front of the radio to listen to a program. Radio had become a background soother. When driving in the car, one may turn it on and listen to it on a low volume, just so that there isn’t silence. Aunt Ceil, played by Renee Lippin, went on a date with a fellow who ran off in the middle of the date because they were listening to a program that involved an alien invasion, and he believed every word the DJ was saying. Even though there rarely is any programming like that on the radio anymore, today people are much more aware of what they hear on the radio. At the birth of radio, everyone believed everything they heard on the radio. People have become more critical and attentive as to what they HEAR and what they BELIEVE. In the forties and fifties radio format had mostly talk shows, news and occasionally music. Now it is almost opposite of what it was. Music has taken over radio, especially FM stations. There are news stations and a small amount of sports stations, but no more programs like â€Å"The Masked Avenger† anymore. AM stations still have some entertainment programming and NPR still has talk shows, but these stations are just no longer popular. In fact, they are a dieing breed; almost extinct. Radio holds a place in people’s lives today that is relevant, but not central as it was shown in â€Å"Radio Days†. I believe it has become better. In â€Å"Radio Days† the character actually listened to the radio. Today people only really hear the radio. With the inventions of the TV and internet, the fact that radio still holds its own in the entertainment industry is amazing. Media and the Public :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When radio became popular around the forties and fifties, it was the one source of entertainment and news that people could enjoy in the comfort of their own home. In â€Å"Radio Days†, radio was a central part of the lives of the movie’s characters, especially Joe. Today however, radio does not act as the â€Å"hub† of information, like it was depicted in â€Å"Radio Days†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe, played by Seth Green and narrated by Woody Allen, had a miniature obsession with a radio program called â€Å"The Masked Avenger†, and other characters had similar fixations with different radio programs. Today the radio isn’t even considered, when people want entertainment. Television has replaced the format that radio used to have. No longer do people eat dinner and then gather in front of the radio to listen to a program. Radio had become a background soother. When driving in the car, one may turn it on and listen to it on a low volume, just so that there isn’t silence. Aunt Ceil, played by Renee Lippin, went on a date with a fellow who ran off in the middle of the date because they were listening to a program that involved an alien invasion, and he believed every word the DJ was saying. Even though there rarely is any programming like that on the radio anymore, today people are much more aware of what they hear on the radio. At the birth of radio, everyone believed everything they heard on the radio. People have become more critical and attentive as to what they HEAR and what they BELIEVE. In the forties and fifties radio format had mostly talk shows, news and occasionally music. Now it is almost opposite of what it was. Music has taken over radio, especially FM stations. There are news stations and a small amount of sports stations, but no more programs like â€Å"The Masked Avenger† anymore. AM stations still have some entertainment programming and NPR still has talk shows, but these stations are just no longer popular. In fact, they are a dieing breed; almost extinct. Radio holds a place in people’s lives today that is relevant, but not central as it was shown in â€Å"Radio Days†. I believe it has become better. In â€Å"Radio Days† the character actually listened to the radio. Today people only really hear the radio. With the inventions of the TV and internet, the fact that radio still holds its own in the entertainment industry is amazing.

Differentiating Organisms Using a Gram Stain

Amanda Lab Report 1 Microbiology Laboratory Title – Differentiating Organisms using the Gram Stain Introduction The experiment conducted was based upon the known attributes of two different groups of bacteria, those that are gram positive, and those that are gram negative. Using a specific staining procedure, it is possible to differentiate the two types under a microscope The gram stain method of differentiation is possible because of differences in the cell membrane between the two categories of bacteria. Gram positive cells have an extra thick layer that is made of highly-crosslinked peptidoglycans, which impart different properties.This layer makes the cells less susceptible to decolorization by Ethyl Alcohol. Using this property, cells with a thinner peptidoglycan layer can be stained a different color than gram positive cells within a culture. The primary color is applied to the culture and imparts a purple color to all bacteria in your sample. Adding Gram’s iodin e, a mordant used by the method’s namesake, makes the violet color more intense, and creates a bond with the primary stain that makes it less soluble. The third step is to add a decolorizing agent, Ethyl Alcohol.In gram negative cells the alcohol makes the outer cells porous, which allows the primary stain to be washed away. The gram positive cells have pores that are actually dried out by the alcohol, which makes the primary stain fix into the membrane, and not get washed away. The final stain is the counter stain that lends a different, pinkish color to the gram negative cells that have been washed of the primary stain. Methods The method used in this experiment was derived from Cappucino and Sherman (2011) as detailed in experiment 10 with substitutions for the unknown bacteria.Aseptic lab technique was followed. One slide of the #7 unknown bacteria and one slide which included both unknown #7 and unknown #2 were prepared using the following stain technique. The initial sm ears were made from broth cultures using a loop, air dried, and then heat fixed. The smears were covered with crystal violet stain and allowed to absorb for one minute, before gently rinsing with a controlled stream of water from a squeeze bottle. Next, Gram’s iodine was applied to the smears with a dropper and left to sit for one minute before rinsing with water.Next, the 95% Ethyl Alcohol mixture was dropped slowly onto each smear and allowed to run off until the alcohol appeared clear and then gently rinsed with water. Lastly in the staining procedure, Saffranin was dropped onto the smear until it was covered, for 45 seconds. The smears were rinsed with water final time, then placed between sheets of bibulous paper to dry. Each smear was viewed under the light microscope using oil immersion at 1000x magnification. These smears were compared to smears prepared in the same fashion, of the known bacteria E. coli, B. cereus, S. ureus, and a mixed smear containing both E. coli and S. aureus. Results Experiment 10 Observations Bacteria| E. coli| B. cereus| S. aureus| Mixture of E. coli and S. aureus| RepresentativeField| | | | | Shape| Bacillus| Bacillus| Cocci| Cocci, Bacilli| Arrangement| Single, some clustered by the stain| Strepto| Variable, mostly staph| cluster| Cell Color| pink| purple| purple| Purple/pink| Gram Reaction| -| +| +| +/-| Unknown Bacteria Observations Name| Unknown #7| Unknown #2| Mixed Field| Representative Field| | | | Shape| Bacillus| cocci| Bacillus/Cocci overlap|Arrangement| Strepto| staph| cluster| Cell Color| Purple| purple| Purple| Gram Reaction| +| +| +| * Table 1 shows how the three different cells were observed after staining. The only pink and gram negative bacteria were the E. coli which were rod shaped and collected in a strepto arrangement. Bacillus cereus was purple in color, appeared rod shaped characteristic of bacilli and was gram positive, appearing purple as expected. The other gram positive and purple bacteria, St aphylococcus aureus were spherical in shape, and clustered into large groups with some lone cocci visualized.The mixture in Table 1 showed a good contrast between the pink rods of E. coli and the purple circles of S. aureus. * Table 2 shows Unknown # 7 as a rod shaped, chain forming, purple bacteria. Unknown #7 was visualized as a clustering purple, spherical organism. Both appeared gram +. The mixture of the two showed the same shapes, but in this case the rods and spheres tended to cluster and were more difficult to observe as they were the same color. But rods and spheres could be clearly discerned upon careful examination. Table 1 served as a control for table 2, as each the unknowns in Table 2 were going to be one of the Table 1 organisms, barring contamination. If a bacteria was visualized in Table 2’s data that was not present in Table 1, there was an obvious error which could be corrected by redoing the slides. The information for Table 2 came from observations on Thu rsday following the original day for the unknowns on Tuesday, as we observed contamination on the slides from gram negative bacteria that should not have been present with gram positive stains.Discussion B. cereus and S. aureus appeared purple upon observation through the microscope. This is consistent with knowledge about the two bacteria that indicate they are gram positive bacteria. The purple coloration means that their outer layers are of the more highly cross linked type with more peptidoglycan, which gives their cell membrane shape and firmer structure. This also makes the membranes open to dehydration without weakening.When the decolorizing agent was applied in this experiment, the cell walls of the gram positive organisms shrank up, not allowing the primary stain to leave. They remained purple even after treatment with Saffranin. E. coli’s outer layer also has peptidoglycan but it is much thinner, and surrounded by lipids. When the decolorizing agent was applied to t he slide containing this bacteria, it’s membrane let the stain wash easily out of the thin membrane. The saffranin as the second stain was then picked up easily, giving the E. oli a pink shade. The results of the study show that unknown # 7substance was B. cereus. The purple color and gram positive reaction ruled out E. coli as the identity of the unknown. Rods arranged in strips were observed in the unknown # 7, so B. cereus became the leading contender. When unknown #2 and unknown # 7 were mixed, a contrast between the rods and spheres could be observed, which made it clear that unknown #7 showed a clear bacilli structure. Contamination on Tuesday of the experiment led to misleading results.Because unknown #2 had been visualized as purple cocci, and unknown #7 had been visualized as purple bacilli, when unknown #2 and unknown # 7 were mixed, it was unclear as to what the pink gram negative bacteria appearing in the slide were. The pink bacteria clung to the purple bacteria in the slide. It was decided that the unknown #2 had been mixed up with another unknown during testing, or the aseptic technique had been compromised. The unknowns were heat fixed and stained a second time, visualized individually and in a mix . The final results were unambiguous.It is unclear whether the gram-negative bacteria were E. coli or another gram negative bacterium as the pink structures were behind the purple structures in the slide and were very translucent. It also possible the pink bacteria were a result of decolorizing the bacteria for too long with ethyl alcohol during the staining process, or the pink bodies were contaminant material and not cells at all which happened to take on the Saffranin stain by chance. Literature Cited Cappuccino, J. G. , and N. Sherman (2011) Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual. Pearson Benjamin Cummings (San Francisco).

Free Essays on Visual Perception

Visual Perception - The function of Neural fatigue in interpreting an ambiguous figure. Neuro Psychologists around the world have taken much interest in the field of visual perception. These psychologists have conducted many experiments and formed their own theories as to what they perceive are the processes and brain mechanisms involved in visual perception and further, how these processes and brain mechanisms work and interact together. According to Sutherland (1983), visual perception can be identified as the ability to judge distance and depth, to see movement, to recognize objects when seeing them at different distances or from different points of view, and to construct a model in our heads of the world around us. Research has found that when we create visual imagery in our minds, both top-down and bottom-up processing is equally important to the process. According to Posner and Marcus (1997), bottom-up processing can be defined as those processes driven automatically by a person, over which we may have no control; Barinaga (1997) states that an example of this is the brain's involuntary mechanisms for resolving competition between conflicting interpretations of information it receives. Posner and Marcus define top-down processing as being those processes generated internally by the person, Barinaga (1997) states that an example of this is someone making the choice to focus their attention on searching for a yellow book on a shelf. To understand more fully how the combined contributions of both top-down processing and bottom-up processing interact, Grabowecky, Robertson and Treisman (1993) conducted an experiment into how people can effectively search for a specific chosen visual target! amongst an array of other visual stimuluses (the distracters). This exercise resembled the task of one looking for a familiar face in a photograph of a crowd. In this particular experiment the crowd was resembled using a combination of blu... Free Essays on Visual Perception Free Essays on Visual Perception Visual Perception - The function of Neural fatigue in interpreting an ambiguous figure. Neuro Psychologists around the world have taken much interest in the field of visual perception. These psychologists have conducted many experiments and formed their own theories as to what they perceive are the processes and brain mechanisms involved in visual perception and further, how these processes and brain mechanisms work and interact together. According to Sutherland (1983), visual perception can be identified as the ability to judge distance and depth, to see movement, to recognize objects when seeing them at different distances or from different points of view, and to construct a model in our heads of the world around us. Research has found that when we create visual imagery in our minds, both top-down and bottom-up processing is equally important to the process. According to Posner and Marcus (1997), bottom-up processing can be defined as those processes driven automatically by a person, over which we may have no control; Barinaga (1997) states that an example of this is the brain's involuntary mechanisms for resolving competition between conflicting interpretations of information it receives. Posner and Marcus define top-down processing as being those processes generated internally by the person, Barinaga (1997) states that an example of this is someone making the choice to focus their attention on searching for a yellow book on a shelf. To understand more fully how the combined contributions of both top-down processing and bottom-up processing interact, Grabowecky, Robertson and Treisman (1993) conducted an experiment into how people can effectively search for a specific chosen visual target! amongst an array of other visual stimuluses (the distracters). This exercise resembled the task of one looking for a familiar face in a photograph of a crowd. In this particular experiment the crowd was resembled using a combination of blu...

Water In Barium Chloride Dihydiate Essays - Laboratory Equipment

Water In Barium Chloride Dihydiate Essays - Laboratory Equipment Water in Barium Chloride Dihydiate Introduction In this experiment we are trying to find the percentage of water in Barium Chloride Dihydiate. During the experiment you must pay close attention to everything done. We are going to try to stay below a 8 percent error. When timing, make sure you only have the crucible over the bunson burner for 10 minutes, no more, no less. Be aware of how dangerous this chemical can be, so please be careful. Located below is a list of all the materials you will need to complete this experiment. Please make sure you and you lab partner(s) know how to use this equipment. Equipment / Materials Goggles Bunson Burner Ring Stand Iron Ring Iron Triangle Iron Square Computer Computer Program Scale Chemical (BACL2) Scoop Crucible/Crucible cover Crucible Tongs Matches Safety You must pay close attention to everything at all times. Ladies with their hair not tied back should do so do to the fact that their hair could catch fire while using the bunson burner. Before you start the experiment, take notice to where all the safety equipment is. You must know where the fire extinguisher is, emergency shower/eye wash, and the call for help button. Make sure you are wearing your goggles while doing this lab. When washing out the crucible do not turn the water pressure up all the way because the water could splash back into your face. If an emergency does occur, please remain clam and think rationally. Procedure This experiment can be very exciting if you know what you are doing. Before I started the experiment, I set up my lab. I put together my Ring stand and attached the bunson burner up to the gas valve. Before I light the flame, I asked my partner to turn the two gas valves on while I light the flame with a match. Now that my flame was light, I adjusted the air flowing into the flame. Now I was ready to start with the experiment. When handling the crucible do not touch it with your hands, only use the crucible tongs. My partner cleared the scale and I weighed the crucible with its lid, and it came to 17.09. I removed the crucible and added the BACL2.2H2O. Placed the crucible and lid back on the scale and got the weight of 18.33. Now it was time to place the crucible over the bunson burner. I carefully placed the lid on the crucible and carry the crucible over to the bunson burner and placed it on the iron triangle and. And placed the crucible directly over the flame and set a timer to 10 minutes. While I was waiting for the experiment to finish, my partner decided that she wanted to start another experiment. So we prepared the scale and crucible and re-weighed everything. By the time we had finished, the alarm sounded and we quickly took the crucible off the flame. We left the crucible cool for another 10 minutes and then re-weight it and it came to 18.15. Christy started to put all the weights in the computer and to our big surprise we got a 0.23 experimental error and a 1.59 percent error. We were so glad that the experiment went to well that we let it get to our head. We thought we would do even better on our next experiments, but we were wrong. Our percentages started to raise and we realized that we were not doing something right. We noticed that we were not watching the clock and completely messed up the experiment. Percent of water in Barium Chloride Dihydrate Experiment Mass of Crucible and Cover17.09 Mass of Crucible, Cover and BACL2.2H2O 18.33 Mass of Crystallized BACL2.2H2O 1.24 Mass of Crucible and Cover 17.09 Mass of Crucible, Cover and Anhydrous BACL2 18.15 Mass of Anhydrous BACL2- 1.06 Mass of Crucible, Cover and BACL2.2H2O- 18.33 Mass of Crucible, cover and Anhydrous BACL2- 18.15 Mass of water lost by heating-.18 Percent water in Crystallized BACL2.2H2O-14.52 Theoretical Percent of H2O in BACL2.2H2O14.75 Mass of Crystallized BACL2.2H2O-1.24 Mass of Anhydrous BACL2 1.06 Mass of water lost by heating.18 Experimental Error-.23 Percent Error1.59 Error Most of my error was caused by the fact of the flame not staying still in one spot. The ventilator on the ceiling was blowing air down onto the flame and caused the flame to flicker. Conclusion This experiment was very interesting and informative. We learned the value of paying attention to what we are doing and to not let our mines wonder.

Analyse the human resource issue relevant to an organization intending Essay

Analyse the human resource issue relevant to an organization intending to expand into the global market - Essay Example The intention of this study is analysis of human resource management (HRM) processes in Australia and the United Kingdom that has been carried out in the point of view of political, economic, legal, and socio-cultural systems and the evolving business situations. The organization of the sections has assisted in emphasizing the impact of fundamental aspects on HRM practices and policies in each nation, and the context-focused character of HRM. For instance, the economy considerably affects HRM in both nations, but its effect differs. For example, in Australia the recessionary situations of the earlier years are weakening employment traditions and encouraging reforms in the system. The United Kingdom has seen an explosion in foreign direct investment. By using UK’s Organon Laboratories Ltd. as a multinational company planning to expand to Australia, each section reveals several HRM challenges in Australia, as well as in the parent country, the United Kingdom. Taking into account the infancy phase of human resource management in several Asia-Pacific nations, such as Australia, and the assumption that HRM in a cross-cultural and cross-national perspective could be best examined by exploring the effect of dimensions of natural culture this paper tries to analyze the effect of the major national aspects on international HRM by using the planned expansion of UK’s Organon Laboraties Ltd. to Australia. ... The main offices of Organon are located in Oss, southern Netherlands, and it has 55 subordinate units across the globe, with two in the United Kingdom: (1) management, marketing, etc. in Cambridge, England, and (2) processing, research and development in Motherwell, Scotland (Tayeb 2005, 210). Organon hires 10,000 people all over the world. It was founded in 1948 and its primary goods are human prescription medication and its market is prescription pharmacies. It is one of the major providers of oral contraceptives and infertility drugs (Tayeb 2005, 210). Astra Zeneca and GlaxoSmithKline are its main competitors. Organon’s mission statement is provided by Akzo Nobel. Nevertheless, being the main actor in the pharmaceutical unit, the company aspires to sustain its independence. Hence mention of Akzo Nobel are silenced, for instance the manner personnel answer callers is ‘Organon Laboratories’ (Tayeb 2005, 211). In other branches their image is more strongly identif ied with Akzo. Each of the two sub-divisions in the UK has a human resource (HR) manager. However, there is only one Managing Director in the UK. The employee guidelines of Scotland are slightly controlled by the main office. The HR manager has acquired the practices and guidelines which have progressed since 1948 (BioPortfolio 2011). Employees have been permitted to develop work hours, payment rules and employment agreements that would meet the needs of the firm in the UK. There has been a productive relationship with the directors who have been major guardians of company guidelines in the UK, such as Cambridge’s Managing Director and Motherwell’s Process Director and Research Director (Tayeb 2005). They were somewhat like-minded with regard to employment issues, the parent